Merge with two different column names r. merge: Merge two data.

Merge with two different column names r. x and by. For this, we have to use the following R code: Jul 23, 2025 · This guide will explore different ways to merge DataFrames on multiple columns, including inner, left, right and outer joins. Use the full_join Function to Merge Two R Data Frames With Different Number of Rows full_join is part of the dplyr package, and it can be used to merge two data frames with a different number of rows. How to merge two data frames with different column names in the R programming language. packages ("plyr") rbind. Oct 14, 2020 · I have two data frame with same row size and different column number, the name of the columns is also different, however the content may be similar in some of them. Feb 2, 2024 · This article will demonstrate multiple methods of merging two data frames with a different number of rows in R. , ‘employ’, ‘educa’, etc. Keeping that in mind, the following should work (as it did on your sample data): Re-read the question, he had a dictionary where the dataframes are the values, he’s not converting a dictionary to a dataframe The solution looks like this. Preparing the Example May 23, 2021 · In this article, we will discuss how to combine two dataframes with different columns in R Programming Language. y parameters of merge(). Learn more on Scaler Topics. y arguments to specify the names of the columns to join by. It is a powerful tool for data analysis and can be used to combine data from different sources or to create a single data frame from multiple data frames. ) Jun 27, 2014 · 16 You can skip the by argument if the common columns are named the same. 3. They are similar to tables in a database or Excel spreadsheets. > month. Merge by rownames is easy to use and can be implemented with a single line of code. table. y arguments. Includes step-by-step examples and best practices for beginners. However, the column names of this data frame are different compared to the first data frame (i. Requirements An R Output. saf Name NCDC Year Month Day HrMn Temp Q 244 AP 99999 2 May 31, 2024 · Alternatively, you can use the R base merge () function to perform an inner join operation on different columns of two data frames. Since we’re doing an inner join, we only need the matches for both. The second data frame also contains five rows and four columns, including the two ID columns ID1 and ID2. So for example I want to turn. I have a list of many data. The function that you use depends on what you Combine two data frames with the same column names Asked 11 years, 10 months ago Modified 6 years, 7 months ago Viewed 129k times Oct 10, 2017 · But in my case column names are different as Date. tables with Different IDs Using merge. Apr 11, 2016 · R: how to merge two matrix according to their column and row names? Asked 14 years, 5 months ago Modified 9 years, 5 months ago Viewed 62k times Jun 18, 2022 · The post How to Join Data Frames for different column names in R appeared first on Data Science Tutorials How to Join Data Frames for different column names in R?. Merge 2 data frame based on 2 columns with different column names Asked 12 years, 8 months ago Modified 12 years, 8 months ago Viewed 17k times Jul 23, 2025 · The merge () function in R provides a flexible and efficient way to combine data frames based on common columns or keys. May 2, 2017 · Merge two different dataframes on different column names [duplicate] Asked 8 years, 4 months ago Modified 7 years, 11 months ago Viewed 98k times Nov 16, 2017 · This is a really simple question, but can't find a suitable answer here. I am starting with these 3 data frames - these frames have different numbers of columns and different column names: df_1 = data. This will align the order of the columns and add a Merge, join, concatenate and compare # pandas provides various methods for combining and comparing Series or DataFrame. Dec 31, 2012 · X is added to dat1 simply to match the output in the question. Just use: merge(x,x1, by=0) One moment, pleasePlease wait while your request is being verified Description Merge two data frames (fast) by common columns by performing a left (outer) join or an inner join. This clearly implies that merge will merge data frames based on more than one column. Steps - Create first dataframe Create second dataframe Use any function from the given below and combine them Display dataset so created Method 1: Using merge function R has an inbuilt function called merge which combines two dataframe of different Jul 23, 2025 · In conclusion, we accomplished two different methods to merge the two matrices by row names using the functions 'rbind ()' and 'merge ()'. x and all. com/r-combine-two-data-frames-w Merging overview if you need a quickstart (all explanations below)! The Pandas merge () command takes the left and right dataframes, matches rows based on the “on” columns, and performs different types of merges – left, right, etc. E. As @akrun pointed out in his comment, the same thing can be achieved using rbind by referencing to the columns in the same way. Jul 30, 2012 · I hope this solves the problem. This particular example column-binds together the data frames named df1 and df2 into a single data frame named new_df. More precisely, the article consists of the following contents: Mar 23, 2022 · This tutorial explains how to merge data frames by column names in R, including several examples. By adding rows: If both sets of data have the same columns and you want to add rows to the bottom, use rbind (). concat(), pandas. Using dplyr, you can connect data frames in R based on multiple columns using the following basic syntax. Feb 4, 2016 · I have two data frames with different number of columns and rows. Usually they use one column as a base and add columns to that one from the other. Two Oct 15, 2017 · How to merge columns with different names using "merge, by=Column. Merging data frames Problem You want to merge two data frames on a given column from each (like a join in SQL). I tried using DPLYR but couldn't properly define the columns, any advice on how to merge the two columns into one? Combine objects in R by rows or columns with the rbind and cbind functions. May 24, 2024 · How to do left join on data frames in R? To perform left join use either merge() function of base R or left_join() function from the dplyr package. By using the merge function and its optional parameters: Inner join:merge (df1, df2) will work for these examples because R automatically joins the frames by common variable names, but you would most likely want to specify merge (df1, df2, by = "CustomerId") to make sure that you were matching on only the fields you desired. y=TRUE) source – the names of our two data frames by – this parameter identifies the field in the dataframes to use to match records together. The column to use for merging can be specified in the "by" parameter during the function call. For this function to operate, both data frames need to have the same number of columns and the same column names. 3 Join functions Join functions work to combine two dataframes side-by-side in some way. Sep 14, 2021 · In case of merging using row names, the by attribute uses 'row. Details merge is a generic function whose principal method is for data frames: the default method coerces its arguments to data frames and calls the "data. The normal behavior of merge(all=TRUE) is to do what you say you want, namely, to append a suffix to the names of variables in y that match names in x. Solution Jun 4, 2024 · This tutorial explains how to combine columns in a data frame in R by using functions from the dplyr package, including examples. Below are four pairs of equivalent functions, where the Oct 17, 2014 · Continue to help good content that is interesting, well-researched, and useful, rise to the top! To gain full voting privileges, Oct 27, 2018 · If the column names are different in the two data frames to merge, we can specify by. frames with dplyr based on two columns with different names in each data. Column y to merge on Example: Create First Dataset with variables surname nationality Create Second Dataset with variables surname movies The common key Trying to merge two different column names? No problem, we’ve got you covered – article covering this point. i. tables Description Fast merge of two data. results<-merge (x=source1,y=source2,by=”State”,all. Column x to merge on -by. all. If ALL columns have different names in both data frames then you don't need to put the row name as another column. Apr 19, 2017 · I need to merge two dataframes x and y which have about 50 columns in common and some unique columns, and I need to keep all the rows from x. combine_first(): Update missing values with non-missing values in the same location merge(): Combine two Series Dec 2, 2024 · How do you combine/merge two or multiple columns into one column in R? Combining two columns into one column in R is a common operation when working with data, and there are several ways to achieve this; for example, using base R functions and the dplyr package. tables with Different Column Names (Example Code) In this article you’ll learn how to combine two data. Jan 7, 2016 · I would like to do a left outer join operation on two data tables with an exra condition that I be allowed to have different names for the key variables in the two data tables. Knowing how to merge datasets in r is essential to the role. The rows in the two data frames that match on the specified columns are Note: if the names of the columns you want to join by are the same in both dataframes, you don't need to do col == col, you can just use col, as in the first two columns in the above example. To achieve this, we'll leverage the functionality of pandas. The rows in the two data frames that match on the specified columns are Merge two data frames by common columns or row names, or perform other database join operations using the merge function in R. By default the data frames are merged on the columns with names they both have, but separate specifications of the columns can be given by by. For example, I was trying to combine data from two different regions into one file, where one region had 72 columns of data and another region had 75 columns. Combining Data Frames with Base R Using merge() The merge() function is a versatile tool in base R for combining data frames. 2, Date. It works if I run: NewDataframe <- merge(x, y, by How do you combine two columns in R? Generally speaking, you can use R to combine different sets of data in three ways: By adding columns: If the two sets of data have an equal set of rows, and the order of the rows is identical, then adding columns makes sense. Description Merge two data frames by common columns or row names, or do other versions of database join operations. merge() functions. frame" method. Finally, in the event the two columns you want to merge on have different names, this can be addressed by adjusting your ‘by’ parameter to handle each one separately. Merge Data Frames by Column Names in R (3 Examples) In this R post you’ll learn how to merge data frames by column names. names' value. frame(col1 = c("A& For merging, it is done in groups of two; that is, two tables at a time are merged together. frame except that row order is specified, and by default the columns to merge on are chosen: at first based on the shared key columns, and if there are none, then based on key columns of the first argument x, and if there are none, then based on the common columns between the two data. Example 1: Merge two dataframe by columns Two dataframes can be merged together using the common columns, in both the dataframes. # original data f Often I go about joining two dataframes together that have the same name. Oct 8, 2024 · Streamline your data manipulation in R! Learn how to combine two columns into one using Base R functions like paste() and tidyr’s unite(). g. Learn how to bind several vectors, matrices or data frames by rows or columns May 4, 2022 · Notice that the two dataframes have to have the same column names in order to have bind_rows working fine, @Scienceslover. 6 Merge (join) Merging, or joining, datasets is the process by which you combine datasets that have at least some of the same observations (rows) but different variables (columns). Engineering another. Both work well in pipes and provide you options for which rows to keep from the first (“x” or “left”) and second (“y” or “right”) dataframes. You can specify . Is there a way to do this within the join-step so that I don't end up with a . call(rbind, dfs), but the output will contain all columns that appear in any of the inputs. It performs various types of joins such as inner join, left join, right join and full join. GeeksforGeeks | A computer science portal for geeks I used ‘merge’ to combine two datasets from different years. This is similar to do. Jan 26, 2022 · To join our data, we can use the merge () function in base R. May 4, 2023 · I am working with the R programming language. May 28, 2024 · The bind_cols () function from the dplyr package can be used to combine two data frames by “binding” them together via their columns. Example syntax of a row_bind(): Combine pandas DataFrames with Different Column Names in Python (Example) In this Python tutorial you’ll learn how to concatenate two pandas DataFrames with different columns. com Apr 25, 2025 · The merge () function in R helps us to combine two or more data frames based on common columns. Whether you need to perform inner joins, outer joins, or other types of merges, the merge () function offers a range of options to customize the merging process according to your requirements. Marketing calls it one thing. This article will guide you through the process of combining two columns into one in R, using both base R functions and the tidyr package. frame? With base::merg May 3, 2017 · How to merge two data by different column names? Asked 7 years, 9 months ago Modified 7 years, 4 months ago Viewed 2k times Aug 18, 2015 · I want to combine two distinct dataframes (completely different columns) in R, into one inclusive data frame. How could I join two data. The tutorial consists of three examples for the merging of different data sets. The dplyr package offers various functions to join the data frame in R. It can be loaded and installed into the working space by the following command : install. Jun 23, 2013 · I have two different datasets arranged in column format as follows: Dataset 1: A B C D E 13 1 1. Example: Merge Two data. Apr 25, 2015 · I referred to the manual of data. Are you sure the names aren't different in the original files? You say similar, not identical Column 2 lists the last 5 values then N/A for the first five. The rbind () Function in R The rbind() function in R is used to combine multiple objects (such as vectors, matrices, or data frames) by adding them as rows. In Pandas, you can merge two DataFrames with different columns using concat (), merge () and join (). Jul 23, 2025 · In this discussion, we will explore the process of Merging two dataframes with the same column names using Pandas. The issue here is that each data. table with different ID column. Aug 17, 2014 · The difference to your code is, that by is a vector of column names here that both matrices share. fill () method in R is an enhancement of Sep 30, 2020 · How to merge two dataframes that have different column names Asked 4 years, 11 months ago Modified 4 years, 11 months ago Viewed 884 times 17. table method behaves similarly to data. EDIT: Ok, now I feel silly. 1, Date. That is what my solution does. frames that I want to merge. The rows in the two data frames that match on the specified columns are May 31, 2024 · How to join or merge multiple columns of the data frames in R? You can use the R base merge () function or the dplyr functions for joining data frames on multiple columns. We don’t need to know which dataframes have which columns beforehand, we can just find a unique set of column names and then set all of the dataframes to those have those column names. Merge by rownames in R is a function that combines two data frames by row names. With our data, this would look like: Jun 20, 2016 · If I understand correctly, by default data. join(): Merge multiple DataFrame objects along the columns DataFrame. table s. data. Introduction As a beginner R programmer, you’ll often encounter situations where you need to manipulate data frames by combining columns. To do that, you can use the by. Inner Join in R – Code Jul 24, 2023 · I can't use merge (df1,df2, by = "average", all = TRUE) because of two reasons there are more than just 2 tables that may contain data, could be 3, could be 20 or even 100 different tables the 'by = average' argument has to be changed each time two or more tables with the same column name are introduced which are not 'average' 17. From ?merge: By default the data frames are merged on the columns with names they both have, but separate specifications of the columns can be given by by. x=c (“colNameA”), 179 See the documentation on ?merge, which states: By default the data frames are merged on the columns with names they both have, but separate specifications of the columns can be given by by. The data. Fortunately Apr 19, 2023 · This tutorial explains how to perform a left join using dplyr with different column names, including an example. Optimize your data manipulation skills. Note: as_tibble(t, rownames = "rn") throws a warning here due to the lack of column names. Oct 10, 2024 · Combine data frames in R with different columns using base R, dplyr, and data. In the tidyverse, the use of row names is discouraged. (Note that there are no column names other than variable in common in the modified data frames here, so merge works with the default by argument. Aug 4, 2010 · Is it possible to row bind two data frames that don't have the same set of columns? I am hoping to retain the columns that do not match after the bind. How does one join two data. Example 1: Combine Data by Two ID Columns Using merge () Function In Example 1, I’ll illustrate how to apply the merge function to combine data frames based on multiple ID columns. Now I want to merge/add up these columns into single columns. name_repair = "unique" to fix the column names. y: The column used for merging in y data frame. Jun 19, 2019 · How to merge two data frames with only some matching column names and some matching values within that column? Asked 6 years, 3 months ago Modified 6 years, 3 months ago Viewed 3k times Details merge is a generic function whose principal method is for data frames: the default method coerces its arguments to data frames and calls the "data. frame differs in terms of the number of rows and columns, but they all share the key variables (which I've c Aug 13, 2024 · When combining data frames with different structures or column names, it’s important to ensure consistency in column names and types to avoid errors. There are multiple examples of this but there also may be columns that exists in 1 dataframe but not the other. Here are some sample data (all values from class column are defined in both data frames): Cross Join in R – Setting Up Merge () Here’s the merge function that will get this done. If you try and do this using Convenience function to paste together multiple columns into one. Understanding Data Frames in R Data frames are two-dimensional, table-like structures in R, where each column can contain different types of data. This article describes how to merge two tables with differing dimensions into a combined R table. df1: df1<- data. I'd like to merge the two columns in RStudio so that I have only one with all values in it, but got stuck since they both currently share the same column name. frame in which some columns have the same Name. x and a . v1 v1 v1 v2 v2 1 0 2 4 1 3 1 I have several data frames that I want to combine by row. . While it’s straight forward to merge using differently named columns, most Googled examples either don’t cover it explicitly or suggest that you rename your column names to be the same ! Merge using the by. x2 and x3 instead of x1 and x2). table? Merge Two Data Frames in R with Different Columns Once you get past the “basic contrived examples” and “academic exercises” in R, you’re going to need to know how to combine data frames in R. More details: https://statisticsglobe. If the two datasets you’d like to merge have different names for their common ID variables you can specify them individually using the by. mergedData <- merge (a, b, by. You can even control that suffix with suffixes=. Base R and the tidyverse have their own functions for merging. 2 Merging Two Dataframes Now that we have a dataframe with month names, we can merge it with our air dataframe. y with the names of the columns in the respective data frames. Aug 17, 2021 · 4 4 B 14 Notice that the two data frames share the playerID column, but the team columns have different names in each data frame: The first data frame has column ‘team‘ The second data frame has column ‘tm‘ In order to merge these data frames based on the playerID and the team columns, we need to use the by. Trying to merge two different column names? Jun 21, 2022 · This does the trick in easily combining all the different surveys since they have the same column names. y column? So the names might be ' The second data frame also consists of two columns. I have also written a detailed article that explains different methods to join on multiple columns. Method 1 : Using plyr package The "plyr" package in R is used to work with data, including its enhancements and manipulations. May 27, 2025 · The merge () function works by finding common columns (or rows, depending on how you specify it) between the two data frames and then combining the rows that match on those common values. R Merge data. merge () will first accept two data frames as arguments, and then the name of the column that the two data frames have in common, like so: merge (x = dataframe1, y = dataframe2, by = "column name"). Jun 23, 2021 · R merging tables, with different column names and retaining all columns Asked 3 years, 1 month ago Modified 3 years, 1 month ago Viewed 565 times Aug 6, 2021 · In this article, we will discuss how to combine two dataframes of different length and make one final dataframe in the R Programming language. How do I merge two data frames in the same column in R? Using rbind () to merge two R data frames This function stacks the two data frames on top of each other, appending the second data frame to the first. all - logical true or false. From the final example given in the documentation: Combine two or more columns in a dataframe into a new column with a new name Asked 12 years, 1 month ago Modified 3 years, 2 months ago Viewed 715k times Feb 7, 2023 · See how to join two data sets by one or more common columns using base R’s merge function, dplyr join functions, and the speedy data. 1 left_join () The most common sort of join is the left join. R language provides versatile tools for analyzing and manipulation of data. y parameters to specify which columns to match from each data frame. You will learn how to use both base R and Tidyverse packages. Jul 23, 2025 · Your All-in-One Learning Portal: GeeksforGeeks is a comprehensive educational platform that empowers learners across domains-spanning computer science and programming, school education, upskilling, commerce, software tools, competitive exams, and more. They both have the same variable names and data types but each time I run merge all that I get is an object that contains the Dec 15, 2023 · In this example, the merge function is used to merge two data frames (df1 and df2) based on the common column “ID. In most cases, you join two data frames by one or more common key variables (i. How should I write if I have tables with different column names? May 13, 2013 · Online databases typically have a ridiculous number of columns with obscure names which can make the smoodging process quite difficult. join(), and pandas. # Using merge with same column names df2 <- merge(x=emp_df,y=dept_df, by=c("dept_id","dept_branch_id"), all Jul 23, 2025 · Let's understand how to merge two dataframes with different columns. 3 2 1 13 2 2 2 1 13 2 1. table and found the merge function not supporting by. Jan 25, 2015 · As shown below, file1 contains two columns date and variable x1 that has 365 observations (whole year). tables using the merge. tables. Instead row names are converted to columns and the merge is done with those newly created columns as the merge keys. Use the by, by. However, my survey #2 is slightly different which makes it difficult to aggregate the files together. Bind any number of data frames by row, making a longer result. 4. and successfully joined together on the merge. y. Lets say data frame "df_a" has columns A & B: df_a <- read. tables by different column names without changing the column names? Append: I managed to join the two tables by X[Y], but why merge function fails in data. Key Points Combining two columns into a single column in R is often necessary when dealing with datasets where related information is May 2, 2017 · I'm trying to join the non-null values of rows that have equal values in a given column. This function allows you to perform different database (SQL) joins, like left join, inner join, right join or full join, among others. table (header=TRUE, A left join in R is a merge operation between two data frames where the merge returns all of the rows from one table (the left side) and any matching rows from the second table. In the resulting single data frame, I want to create a new variable identifying which data set the observation came from. The rows in the two data frames that match on the specified columns are Feb 1, 2021 · In the two example datasets I created, the common key is conveniently called id in both tables. 2 in the example below). I want to combine them into one data frame. Fast merge of two data. x and by I want to merge two data frames keeping the original row order of one of them (df. Detailed guide for beginner R programmers with practical examples and code. Oct 11, 2021 · This tutorial explains how to merge multiple data frames in R, including several examples. The merge () function retains all the row names of the dataframes, behaving similarly to the inner join. , Excel #1 Introduction This article describes how to merge two tables with differing dimensions into a combined R table. These methods handle the concatenation operations along a specified axis of Pandas objects, incorporating optional set logic (union or intersection) of the indexes on Dec 8, 2012 · What I have: I have a "master" dataframe that has the following columns: userid, condition Since there are four experiment conditions, I also have four dataframes that carry answer information, w Details merge is a generic function whose principal method is for data frames: the default method coerces its arguments to data frames and calls the "data. The data frames are merged on the columns given by by. Oct 8, 2020 · This tutorial explains how to combine two columns into one in an R data frame. I understand that setkey is used for optimizaion purposes [2] and understand how to join tables using same column names [3]. Mar 4, 2014 · I having a data. Typically, there is one variable in common, called the “key” variable, so that R knows which rows from one dataset match the rows of the other. x=TRUE, all. Nov 27, 2023 · The merge () function in R is a versatile tool used for combining data frames based on common columns. 3 etc Can anyone please help me out how to do this for around 1000 columns aa doing as above is not scalable for many columns? Feb 14, 2021 · Here you will learn the best way to concatenate two columns in R (or more). This differs from the merge function from the base package in that merging is done based on 1 column key only. The by argument can also be specified by number, logical vector or left unspecified, in which case it defaults to the intersection of the names of the two data frames. frame except that row order is specified, and by default the columns to merge on are chosen: at first based on the shared key columns, and if there are none, then based on key columns of the first argument x, and if there are May 31, 2024 · Perform Outer Join on Several Columns When we run an outer join on two or more columns with matching names in both data frames, provide a list of all the column names to the by parameter. Example: Merging Data Frames with Unequal Column Names Using bind_rows () of dplyr Package The rbind function of the basic installation is not able to merge data frames with different column names. Merging Two DataFrames with Different Columns - using concat () concat () method is ideal for combining multiple DataFrames vertically (adding rows) or horizontally (adding columns) without requiring a key column or index May 10, 2022 · This tutorial explains how to merge two pandas DataFrames using different column names, including an example. Below are four pairs of equivalent functions, where the merge: Merge two data. However, this doesn’t necessarily have to be the case. , an inner join). Finance helpfully contributes a third name for the same field. Here's an example: Date x y 2017-06-01 5 NA <- to merge 2017-06-01 NA 8 Note that the two dataframes have a column in common name. The R merge function allows merging two data frames by common columns or by row names. Merging Data in R Adding Columns To merge two data frames (datasets) horizontally, use the merge function. frame(&q By running the previous code we have created Table 2, i. How can I merge the columns of two data frames, containing a distinct set of columns but some rows with the same names? The fields for rows that don't occur in both data frames should be filled with Jun 14, 2010 · I have tried the merge function to merge two csv files that I imported. See full list on sparkbyexamples. Some of the columns in the datasets have the same names e. For example, you may be able to pull sales by customer from a sql database but you need to merge … Jun 18, 2021 · This tutorial explains how to combine two data frames in R that have different columns, including an example. 3. x: The column used for merging in x data frame. Few of the columns start out with similar patterns but are not titled the exact same way, making it difficult to combine. Jul 23, 2025 · The merge () function in base R can be used to merge input dataframes by common columns or row names. a second data. file 2 contains column date as file1 and many other variables. The article will consist of this content: Jun 12, 2024 · Arguments: -x: The origin data frame -y: The data frame to merge -by. name" function? Jan 31, 2020 · For example, x_data has the column "Frist Name" while the column also exists in y_data but as "FirstName". table Function This example shows how to join our two data. e. ” The result is a merged data frame (merged_df) containing columns from both input data frames matched on the specified column. table objects in R. Example: Merging DataFrames on Multiple Columns with Different Names Sometimes, the common columns are present but have different names. Columns can be specified only by name. 7 2 1 13 2 5. table function. If you watch the video, specifically @49:00 to @52:00 minutes you see that Pandas allows you to join tables based on different column names and you can choose different suffixes for left and right tables. Storing data under different column names is a common and annoying issue when joining “real world” data sets. Jan 10, 2021 · This post aims at explaining how to merge and append datasets with the package dplyr in R. 8 2 1 1 6 27 9 1 1 6 Apr 18, 2022 · This tutorial explains how to merge data frames by row names in R, including several examples. Bind rows If you have two data sets of different observations (the keys do not match) but similar or identical column headers, these rows can be stacked together using a row bind. concat(): Merge multiple Series or DataFrame objects along a shared index or column DataFrame. table package. R Merge Rows of Data Frames with Unequal Column Names (Example Code) This article shows how to join two data frames with a different set of variable names in the R programming language. table merges two tables by comparing columns which are set as keys and have same names. y = Boolean which indicates if you want this to be an inner join (matches only) or an outer join (all records on one side). The dplyr function is generally preferred because it is more efficient than the base R approach. We include examples of merging by row and by column. ybsic fimi alkuwjm uug xkrqo mgxrhpm ruxbz icosa frxv bqzeha